UNLOCK RAW, BRUTAL SIZE & STRENGTH… LEGALLY

MesoFX is an anabolic powerhouse that uses lost Soviet anabolic compounds for explosive strength, dense muscle & near-inhuman performance.

Forge STUPID Strength

Contains compounds Soviet lifters used to dominate the world stage for decades.

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"Mother Nature's Dianabol"

Harness the raw anabolic power of ecdysteroids that build dense new muscle mass.

Recover Like a Super-Soldier

Bounce back from brutal workouts in no time while others are still limping.

100% Money Back Guarantee

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100% Money Back Guarantee

WATCH HOW MesoFX UNLOCKS MAXIMUM POTENTIAL

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No Prescription

Required

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All Natural

Ingredients

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ZERO Reported

Side-Effects

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100% Money Back

Guarantee

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Made

In The USA

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BETTER Than

Steroids

REAL RESULTS WITH MesoFX

Check Out These REAL Results…

Five gold stars in a horizontal row

Between good eating, supplementing and sleep I got MASSIVE results. In 8 weeks, my bench went up 75lbs, squats 100lbs and all my other lifts went up sharply + my waist went down 3" and I gained 15lbs of muscle! Awesome products guys!

Briar B.

Five gold stars in a horizontal row

I’m writing on behalf of the powerful supplements I’ve been taking over a 3 month span, and I have to tell you, I’m very pleased with the results. I’ve taken MesoFX. Your supplements have done what they claim and then some. Gentlemen have swore I was on the Winny! And I’ve been proud to tell them otherwise. I’m a Natural Beast, and I feel with these supplements, if I go toe-to-toe with someone on the juice, I feel that with my results, I would smash them in the gym.

Nick W.

Five gold stars in a horizontal row

I put on 14 lbs. in 1 month on MesoFX!

Jesse R

Five gold stars in a horizontal row

I'm blown away by the results so far! In just one month I put 45 lbs on my bench press and I see a noticeable difference in the muscle belly of my arms. This is the most powerful product we have out 'since dem little pink pills.

Ronald C.

Five gold stars in a horizontal row

Before, I worked out 4 days a week, ate about 3,000 calories a day, & did heavy weight of about 6-8 reps with only 8-12 sets per muscle. I was 201 lbs & was somewhere between %28-%30 body fat. I am now 219 lbs & only %19 body fat. My bench press went from 355 lbs to 426 lbs. My squat went up 82 lbs as well. I am leaner, stronger, bigger & all around better than ever before after only one stack!

Cody H.

Five gold stars in a horizontal row

Between good eating, supplementing and sleep I got MASSIVE results. In 8 weeks, my bench went up 75lbs, squats 100lbs and all my other lifts went up sharply + my waist went down 3" and I gained 15lbs of muscle! Awesome products guys!

Briar B.

Five gold stars in a horizontal row

I’m writing on behalf of the powerful supplements I’ve been taking over a 3 month span, and I have to tell you, I’m very pleased with the results. I’ve taken MesoFX. Your supplements have done what they claim and then some. Gentlemen have swore I was on the Winny! And I’ve been proud to tell them otherwise. I’m a Natural Beast, and I feel with these supplements, if I go toe-to-toe with someone on the juice, I feel that with my results, I would smash them in the gym.

Nick W.

Five gold stars in a horizontal row

I put on 14 lbs. in 1 month on MesoFX!

Jesse R

Bodybuilder sitting with dumbbells in a gym setting.

THE HIDDEN BRAKE ON YOUR GAINS

If you've been busting your ass in the gym and trying to get bigger and stronger, but it just seems like you're spinning your wheels... you might be right.


You see, mother nature has a built-in "governor" that was designed to prevent you from getting "too big"...


Well, we don't believe in "too big" do we?


But here's the problem...


Your body has natural limits - it adapts to the workload, and eventually, progress slows to a frustrating halt.


Testosterone and other key anabolic hormones often can’t keep pace with intense lifting demands, leaving your muscles with just enough fuel to maintain, not grow.

ECDYSTERONE: YOUR SHORTCUT TO LEGENDARY SIZE & STRENGTH

Back in the Cold War days, Soviet scientists weren’t just training athletes—they were building them.


Their secret weapon? A rare plant compound called Ecdysterone.


They found it hidden in the Siberian wilderness, where animals like deer thrived on it, showing unnatural strength and endurance that caught the scientists' attention. Nicknamed “Mother Nature’s Dianabol,” Ecdysterone became their go-to for natural strength and power, fueling athletes who dominated without the side effects of synthetic steroids.


This isn’t just another herb; it’s a powerhouse that redefines muscle growth. And when the Soviet Union collapsed, this secret slipped into the shadows—forgotten by most, but not by us.


MesoFX revives this lost edge, blending Ecdysterone with other powerful natural compounds to trigger explosive gains. No needles, no sketchy side effects—just pure, natural power that targets those fast-twitch fibers responsible for serious, head-turning strength.

Bodybuilder sitting in a laboratory with IV drip, surrounded by lab technicians.
Two athletes in a gym, lifting weights and showcasing muscular physiques.

WHAT BEING ON MESOFX FEELS LIKE…

You walk into the gym, feeling a surge of power.


You grab 315 pounds on the bench press like it's nothing… repping it out easy while everyone watches in awe. The sound of plates clanging fills the gym as you crush set after set.


On squats you're going deeper than ever before… exploding up with 405, 495, even 585 pounds like it's no big deal.


Thick, dense muscle starts padding your body. Veins pop out on your forearms and biceps, showing off your raw power.


You start to look and feel like you’re on gear… without all the BS.

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DISCOVER THE PROVEN ANABOLIC BENEFITS OF MESOFX

137.5% MORE STRENGTH GAINS

A key ingredient in MesoFX has been shown to amplify your strength gains by a mind-blowing 137.5% compared to training alone. We're not talking about a small edge here - this is the difference between average progress and MONSTER gains!

AMPLIFY PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY 20%

A revolutionary ingredient in the MesoFX formula cranks up your muscle protein synthesis by a whopping 20%! That means faster recovery, bigger gains, and more explosive growth after every single workout.

SKYROCKET TESTOSTERONE BY 37%

One key ingredient has been proven to boost testosterone levels by an incredible 37%! Get ready for a massive surge in your body's primary muscle-building hormone… and some wild nights in the sack!

Black bottle of Primal Muscle Meso FX dietary supplement, 168 capsules.

300% MORE MUSCLE MASS

The ecdysterone component of MesoFX has been proven to deliver a mind-blowing 3X MORE muscle mass gains compared to training without it. While others fight for every ounce of new muscle, you'll be packing on mass at triple the normal rate. You’re going to freak everyone out!

SLASH MUSCLE-KILLING CORTISOL BY 32%

A cutting-edge component in MesoFX crushes your cortisol levels by a massive 32%! This means your body stays in an anabolic state longer, protecting your hard-earned gains and setting the stage for explosive new growth.

3X MUSCLE GENE AMPLIFICATION

One groundbreaking MesoFX ingredient increases muscle-building gene expression by up to 300%! By triggering MyoD and myogenin expression, you'll be activating untapped muscle growth pathways that average lifters can't access.

Powerful, Research Backed Ingredients That WORK

Brown powder next to a close-up of a purple flower.

Rhaponticum Carthamoides Root Extract

Rhaponticum Carthamoides, commonly known as Maral Root, is a plant native to Siberia and parts of Asia. It is valued for its adaptogenic properties, helping the body to manage stress and maintain energy levels. Rich in ecdysteroids, particularly 20-hydroxyecdysone, Rhaponticum Carthamoides is believed to support muscle growth and enhance physical performance by potentially promoting protein synthesis. For fitness enthusiasts, this extract may aid in increasing lean muscle mass, improving endurance, and accelerating recovery after intense workouts.

Tall purple flowers with green foliage in the background.

Ajuga Turkestanica (whole plant extract)

Ajuga Turkestanica is a plant native to Central Asia, traditionally used for its potential health benefits. It contains bioactive compounds such as turkesterone, which is a type of ecdysteroid. These compounds are believed to support muscle growth and enhance physical performance by potentially promoting protein synthesis. For fitness enthusiasts, Ajuga Turkestanica may aid in increasing lean muscle mass and improving recovery times after intense workouts. Additionally, it is valued for its adaptogenic properties, which can help the body manage stress and maintain overall vitality.

Chemical structure diagram with several hydroxyl groups and aromatic rings.

7-Isopropoxyisoflavone (Ipriflavone)

Ipriflavone is a synthetic isoflavone derived from naturally occurring flavonoids. It is known for its potential to support bone health by aiding in the maintenance of bone density. In the context of fitness, Ipriflavone may contribute to strengthening skeletal structure, which is essential for optimal performance and injury prevention during physical activities. While primarily studied for its effects on bone tissue, some suggest it could have anabolic properties, potentially assisting in muscle growth and recovery.

Vibrant red and black berries on green leafy branches.

Eurycoma Longifolia (Tongkat Ali) Root Extract

Eurycoma Longifolia, commonly known as Tongkat Ali, is a traditional herb from Southeast Asia renowned for its potential to enhance vitality and energy levels. It is believed to support healthy testosterone production, which can contribute to improved muscle strength, increased lean muscle mass, and enhanced athletic performance. Tongkat Ali may also help in reducing fatigue and boosting endurance, making it a valuable addition for those aiming to optimize their physical training and recovery.

Wooden scoop with dried bark pieces on a black background.

Quebracho Blanco Bark Extract

Derived from the bark of the Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco tree native to South America, Quebracho Blanco Bark Extract is traditionally used for its potential benefits on circulatory health. It contains compounds that may act as vasodilators, potentially promoting improved blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscles during exercise. This can lead to enhanced endurance, reduced fatigue, and better overall workout performance. Additionally, its antioxidant properties may help in reducing oxidative stress, supporting muscle recovery after intense physical activity.

Two glasses of grapefruit juice with fresh grapefruit slices on a wooden board.

6,7-Dihydroxybergamottin (DHB)

6,7-Dihydroxybergamottin is a natural furanocoumarin found in grapefruit juice and certain other citrus fruits. It is known for its ability to inhibit certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of various compounds. In the context of supplements, DHB may be included to enhance the bioavailability of other ingredients, potentially allowing them to remain active in the body for longer periods. This can lead to improved efficacy of the supplement's active components, contributing to better performance and results from physical training.

Chemical structure of naproxen molecule with labeled functional groups.

5-Methyl-7-Methoxyisoflavone

5-Methyl-7-Methoxyisoflavone, also known as methoxyisoflavone, is a synthetic isoflavone that

has been studied for its potential anabolic effects. It is believed to support muscle growth by

promoting protein synthesis and nitrogen retention in muscles. For athletes and

bodybuilders, this could translate to increased lean muscle mass, enhanced strength, and

improved recovery after workouts. Additionally, it may aid in reducing cortisol levels, helping

to minimize muscle breakdown and support overall muscle health.

Brown powder next to a close-up of a purple flower.

Rhaponticum Carthamoides Root Extract

Rhaponticum Carthamoides, commonly known as Maral Root, is a plant native to Siberia and parts of Asia. It is valued for its adaptogenic properties, helping the body to manage stress and maintain energy levels. Rich in ecdysteroids, particularly 20-hydroxyecdysone, Rhaponticum Carthamoides is believed to support muscle growth and enhance physical performance by potentially promoting protein synthesis. For fitness enthusiasts, this extract may aid in increasing lean muscle mass, improving endurance, and accelerating recovery after intense workouts.

Tall purple flowers with green foliage in the background.

Ajuga Turkestanica (whole plant extract)

Ajuga Turkestanica is a plant native to Central Asia, traditionally used for its potential health benefits. It contains bioactive compounds such as turkesterone, which is a type of ecdysteroid. These compounds are believed to support muscle growth and enhance physical performance by potentially promoting protein synthesis. For fitness enthusiasts, Ajuga Turkestanica may aid in increasing lean muscle mass and improving recovery times after intense workouts. Additionally, it is valued for its adaptogenic properties, which can help the body manage stress and maintain overall vitality.

Chemical structure diagram with several hydroxyl groups and aromatic rings.

7-Isopropoxyisoflavone (Ipriflavone)

Ipriflavone is a synthetic isoflavone derived from naturally occurring flavonoids. It is known for its potential to support bone health by aiding in the maintenance of bone density. In the context of fitness, Ipriflavone may contribute to strengthening skeletal structure, which is essential for optimal performance and injury prevention during physical activities. While primarily studied for its effects on bone tissue, some suggest it could have anabolic properties, potentially assisting in muscle growth and recovery.

Vibrant red and black berries on green leafy branches.

Eurycoma Longifolia (Tongkat Ali) Root Extract

Eurycoma Longifolia, commonly known as Tongkat Ali, is a traditional herb from Southeast Asia renowned for its potential to enhance vitality and energy levels. It is believed to support healthy testosterone production, which can contribute to improved muscle strength, increased lean muscle mass, and enhanced athletic performance. Tongkat Ali may also help in reducing fatigue and boosting endurance, making it a valuable addition for those aiming to optimize their physical training and recovery.

Wooden scoop with dried bark pieces on a black background.

Quebracho Blanco Bark Extract

Derived from the bark of the Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco tree native to South America, Quebracho Blanco Bark Extract is traditionally used for its potential benefits on circulatory health. It contains compounds that may act as vasodilators, potentially promoting improved blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscles during exercise. This can lead to enhanced endurance, reduced fatigue, and better overall workout performance. Additionally, its antioxidant properties may help in reducing oxidative stress, supporting muscle recovery after intense physical activity.

Two glasses of grapefruit juice with fresh grapefruit slices on a wooden board.

6,7-Dihydroxybergamottin (DHB)

6,7-Dihydroxybergamottin is a natural furanocoumarin found in grapefruit juice and certain other citrus fruits. It is known for its ability to inhibit certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of various compounds. In the context of supplements, DHB may be included to enhance the bioavailability of other ingredients, potentially allowing them to remain active in the body for longer periods. This can lead to improved efficacy of the supplement's active components, contributing to better performance and results from physical training.

Chemical structure of naproxen molecule with labeled functional groups.

5-Methyl-7-Methoxyisoflavone

5-Methyl-7-Methoxyisoflavone, also known as methoxyisoflavone, is a synthetic isoflavone that

has been studied for its potential anabolic effects. It is believed to support muscle growth by

promoting protein synthesis and nitrogen retention in muscles. For athletes and

bodybuilders, this could translate to increased lean muscle mass, enhanced strength, and

improved recovery after workouts. Additionally, it may aid in reducing cortisol levels, helping

to minimize muscle breakdown and support overall muscle health.

Brown powder next to a close-up of a purple flower.

Rhaponticum Carthamoides Root Extract

Rhaponticum Carthamoides, commonly known as Maral Root, is a plant native to Siberia and parts of Asia. It is valued for its adaptogenic properties, helping the body to manage stress and maintain energy levels. Rich in ecdysteroids, particularly 20-hydroxyecdysone, Rhaponticum Carthamoides is believed to support muscle growth and enhance physical performance by potentially promoting protein synthesis. For fitness enthusiasts, this extract may aid in increasing lean muscle mass, improving endurance, and accelerating recovery after intense workouts.

FREE With Purchase (Limited Time)

The Primal Muscle Physique Transformation Guide

Bodybuilding guidebook with muscular man on cover and 'Physique Transformation Guide' text. Regular price $29.99.

Say GOODBYE to cookie-cutter programs! Our science-backed, personalized guide is your roadmap to a head-turning physique, precision-engineered for your unique body and goals.

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100% Tailored Approach

Unlock your body's full potential with a plan designed exclusively for your physique

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Nutrition Mastery

Learn exactly what, when, and how much to eat for maximum muscle growth and fat loss

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Training Optimization

Discover the perfect workout strategy to sculpt your ideal physique, based on your body type

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Recovery Amplification

Harness cutting-edge techniques to supercharge your recovery and accelerate gains

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Foolproof Progression

Master the art of progressive overload to ensure continuous, unstoppable results

Transform your body, boost your confidence, and become the best version of yourself.

Claim your FREE guide now with your purchase of MesoFX and start your journey to legendary results today!

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PLUS - Supercharge Your Results With A FREE Fitness Advisor Consultation

MesoFX™ is powerful, but it's not magic. Real transformation comes from the perfect blend of supplementation, hard work, and expert knowledge. That's where Primal Muscle truly shines.

Our team of elite Fitness Advisors is standing by, ready to take your results to the next level. These seasoned pros will:

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Listen to your unique goals and challenges

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Provide custom-tailored advice for your specific situation

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Offer expert insights on optimizing your MesoFX™ dosage

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Share insider tips to maximize your training and nutrition

The difference between good results and jaw-dropping transformations often lies in the details. Our advisors are here to ensure you're not just on the right track, but in the fast lane to success. Best of all? This game-changing consultation is absolutely FREE. At Primal Muscle, we're invested in your success. We don't just want to sell you a product –

we want to witness your incredible transformation.

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Get Results or Pay Nothing

Still on the fence? Hell, I don't blame you.

We all know there's been plenty of over-promising and under-delivering in the supplement world for too long.

This is precisely why we back EVERY Primal Muscle product with our 100% Money-Back guarantee. No BS, no surveys, and no mailing in the unused portion of your purchase. If you don't love your experience with our stuff, call or email us, and we'll get you squared away

immediately. It's that simple.

Choose Your MesoFX Package Below

1 Bottle

Instant Savings : $45

Bottle of Primal Muscle Meso FX dietary supplement, 168 capsules.

$89.99

Per Bottle

Regularly $135

Total $89.99

90-DAY MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE

BEST DEAL & BEST RESULTS!

6 Bottles

Instant Savings : $390

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$69.99 USD

Per Bottle

Regularly $810

Total $419.94

90-DAY MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE

3 Bottles

Instant Savings : $165

Three bottles of Primal Muscle Meso FX dietary supplements.

$79.99 USD

Per Bottle

Regularly $405

Total $239.97

90-DAY MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE

Frequently Asked Questions

Powerful Ingredients Backed By Science

Ajuga Turkestanica (Whole Plant Extract)

Dinan, L. (2001). Phytoecdysteroids: biological aspects. Phytochemistry, 57(3), 325-339.

Gorelick-Feldman, J., Maclean, D., Ilic, N., Poulev, A., Lila, M. A., Cheng, D., & Raskin, I. (2008). Phytoecdysteroids increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(10), 3532-3537.

Parr, M. K., Botrè, F., Naß, A., Hengevoss, J., Diel, P., & Wolber, G. (2015). Ecdysteroids: A novel class of anabolic agents? Biology of Sport, 32(2), 169-173.

Isenmann, E., Ambrosio, G., Joseph, J. F., Mazzarino, M., de la Torre, X., Zimmer, P., Kazlauskas, R., Goebel, C., Botrè, F., Diel, P., & Parr, M. K. (2019). Ecdysteroids as non-conventional anabolic agent: performance enhancement by ecdysterone supplementation in humans. Archives of Toxicology, 93(7), 1807-1816.

Báthori, M., Tóth, N., Hunyadi, A., Márki, A., & Zádor, E. (2008). Phytoecdysteroids and anabolic-androgenic steroids--structure and effects on humans. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 15(1), 75-91.

Wilborn, C. D., Taylor, L. W., Campbell, B. I., Kerksick, C., Rasmussen, C. J., Greenwood, M., & Kreider, R. B. (2006). Effects of methoxyisoflavone, ecdysterone, and sulfo-polysaccharide supplementation on training adaptations in resistance-trained males. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 3(2), 19-27.

7-Isopropoxyisoflavone (Ipriflavone)

Brandi, M. L. (1993). Ipriflavone: new insights into its mechanisms of action on bone remodeling. Calcified Tissue International, 52(2), 151-152.

Notoya, K., Yoshida, K., Taketomi, S., Yamazaki, I., & Kumegawa, M. (1994). Inhibitory effect of ipriflavone on osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and new osteoclast formation in long-term cultures of mouse unfractionated bone cells. Calcified Tissue International, 54(1), 57-60.

Benvenuti, S., Tanini, A., Frediani, U., Bianchi, S., Masi, L., Casano, R., Bufalino, L., Serio, M., & Brandi, M. L. (1991). Effects of ipriflavone and its metabolites on a clonal osteoblastic cell line. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 6(9), 987-996.

Civitelli, R. (1997). In vitro and in vivo effects of ipriflavone on bone formation and bone biomechanics. Calcified Tissue International, 61, S12-S14.

Melis, G. B., Paoletti, A. M., Cagnacci, A., Bufalino, L., Spinetti, A., Gambacciani, M., & Fioretti, P. (1992). Lack of any estrogenic effect of ipriflavone in postmenopausal women. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 15(10), 755-761.

Agnusdei, D., Crepaldi, G., Isaia, G., Mazzuoli, G., Ortolani, S., Passeri, M., Bufalino, L., & Gennari, C. (1997). A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ipriflavone for prevention of postmenopausal spinal bone loss. Calcified Tissue International, 61(2), 142-147.

Adami, S., Bufalino, L., Cervetti, R., Di Marco, C., Di Munno, O., Fantasia, L., Isaia, G. C., Serni, U., Vecchiet, L., & Passeri, M. (1997). Ipriflavone prevents radial bone loss in postmenopausal women with low bone mass over 2 years. Osteoporosis International, 7(2), 119-125.

Eurycoma Longifolia (Tongkat Ali) Root Extract

Hamzah, S., & Yusof, A. (2003). The ergogenic effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack: A pilot study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(5), 464-470.

Talbott, S. M., Talbott, J. A., George, A., & Pugh, M. (2013). Effect of Tongkat Ali on stress hormones and psychological mood state in moderately stressed subjects. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 28.

Chen, C. K., Mohamad, W. M. Z. W., Ooi, F. K., Ismail, S. B., Abdullah, M. R., & George, A. (2014). Supplementation of Eurycoma longifolia Jack extract for 6 weeks does not affect urinary testosterone: epitestosterone ratio, liver and renal functions in male recreational athletes. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 5(6), 728-733.

Henkel, R. R., Wang, R., Bassett, S. H., Chen, T., Liu, N., Zhu, Y., & Tambi, M. I. (2014). Tongkat Ali as a potential herbal supplement for physically active male and female seniors—a pilot study. Phytotherapy Research, 28(4), 544-550.

George, A., & Henkel, R. (2014). Phytoandrogenic properties of Eurycoma longifolia as natural alternative to testosterone replacement therapy. Andrologia, 46(7), 708-721.

Tambi, M. I. B. M., Imran, M. K., & Henkel, R. R. (2012). Standardised water‐soluble extract of Eurycoma longifolia, Tongkat ali, as testosterone booster for managing men with late‐onset hypogonadism? Andrologia, 44, 226-230.

Udani, J. K., George, A. A., Musthapa, M., Pakdaman, M. N., & Abas, A. (2014). Effects of a proprietary freeze-dried water extract of Eurycoma longifolia (Physta) and Polygonum minus on sexual performance and well-being in men: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 179529.

Solomon, M. C., Erasmus, N., & Henkel, R. R. (2014). In vivo effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) extract on reproductive functions in the rat. Andrologia, 46(4), 339-348.

Ang, H. H., Cheang, H. S., & Yusof, A. P. M. (2000). Effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) on the initiation of sexual performance of inexperienced castrated male rats. Experimental Animals, 49(1), 35-38.

Quebracho Blanco Bark Extract

Muccillo Baisch, A. L., Johnston, K. B., & Paganini Stein, F. L. (2010). Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing activity of aqueous extracts of Ilex paraguariensis on mesenteric arterial bed of rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 130(3), 543-548.

Campos, A. R., Barros, A. I., Santos, F. A., & Rao, V. S. (2003). Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) offers protection against gastric lesions induced by ethanol and indomethacin in rats. Phytotherapy Research, 17(10), 1199-1202.

Espinola, E. B., Dias, R. F., Mattei, R., & Carlini, E. A. (1997). Pharmacological activity of Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) in laboratory animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 55(3), 223-229.

Mattei, R., Dias, R. F., Espínola, E. B., Carlini, E. A., & Barros, S. B. (1998). Guarana (Paullinia cupana): toxic behavioral effects in laboratory animals and antioxidants activity in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 60(2), 111-116.

Fukumasu, H., Avanzo, J. L., Heidor, R., Silva, T. C., Atroch, A., Moreno, F. S., & Dagli, M. L. Z. (2006). Protective effects of guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart. var. Sorbilis) against DEN-induced DNA damage on mouse liver. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44(6), 862-867.

6,7-Dihydroxybergamottin (DHB)

Girennavar, B., Jayaprakasha, G. K., & Patil, B. S. (2007). Potent inhibition of human cytochrome P450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9 isoenzymes by grapefruit juice and its furocoumarins. Journal of Food Science, 72(8), C417-C421.

Paine, M. F., Criss, A. B., & Watkins, P. B. (2005). Two major grapefruit juice components differ in time to onset of intestinal CYP3A4 inhibition. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 312(3), 1151-1160.

Kakar, S. M., Paine, M. F., Stewart, P. W., & Watkins, P. B. (2004). 6′7′-Dihydroxybergamottin contributes to the grapefruit juice effect. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 75(6), 569-579.

Goosen, T. C., Cillié, D., Bailey, D. G., Yu, C., He, K., Hollenberg, P. F., Woster, P. M., Cohen, L., Williams, J. A., Rheeders, M., & Dijkstra, H. P. (2004). Bergamottin contribution to the grapefruit juice–felodipine interaction and disposition in humans. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 76(6), 607-617.

Paine, M. F., Widmer, W. W., Hart, H. L., Pusek, S. N., Beavers, K. L., Criss, A. B., Brown, S. S., Thomas, B. F., & Watkins, P. B. (2006). A furanocoumarin-free grapefruit juice establishes furanocoumarins as the mediators of the grapefruit juice–felodipine interaction. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 83(5), 1097-1105.

Uesawa, Y., & Mohri, K. (2006). Effects of cranberry juice on nifedipine pharmacokinetics in rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 58(8), 1067-1072.

Guo, L. Q., & Yamazoe, Y. (2004). Inhibition of cytochrome P450 by furanocoumarins in grapefruit juice and herbal medicines. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 25(2), 129-136.

5-Methyl-7-Methoxyisoflavone

Incledon, T., Gammeren, D. V., & Antonio, J. (2001). The effects of 5-methyl-7-methoxyisoflavone on body composition and performance in college-aged men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(5), S338.

Wilborn, C. D., Taylor, L. W., Campbell, B. I., Kerksick, C., Rasmussen, C. J., Greenwood, M., & Kreider, R. B. (2006). Effects of methoxyisoflavone, ecdysterone, and sulfo-polysaccharide supplementation on training adaptations in resistance-trained males. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 3(2), 19-27.

Colker, C. M., Kalman, D. S., Torina, G. C., Perlis, T., & Street, C. (2002). Effects of a novel isoflavone metabolite on body composition and muscle strength in healthy, overweight men and women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 21(3), 256-261.

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Rhaponticum Carthamoides Root Extract

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Gadzhieva, R. M., Portugalov, S. N., Paniushkin, V. V., & Kondrat'eva, I. I. (1995). A comparative study of the anabolic action of ecdysten, leveton and Prime Plus, preparations of plant origin. Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia, 58(5), 46-48.

Syrov, V. N., & Kurmukov, A. G. (1976). Anabolic activity of phytoecdysone-ecdysterone isolated from Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin. Farmakologiia i toksikologiia, 39(6), 690-693.

Seifulla, R. D., Borisova, I. G., Zhuravlev, A. I., Ordzhonikidze, Z. G., & Kondratieva, I. I. (1993). The influence of the plant preparation Ecdysten on the physical work capacity of athletes. Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia, 56(6), 47-50.

Slama, K., & Lafont, R. (1995). Insect hormones-ecdysteroids: their presence and actions in vertebrates. European Journal of Entomology, 92, 355-377.

Báthori, M., Tóth, N., Hunyadi, A., Márki, A., & Zádor, E. (2008). Phytoecdysteroids and anabolic-androgenic steroids--structure and effects on humans. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 15(1), 75-91.

Parr, M. K., Botrè, F., Naß, A., Hengevoss, J., Diel, P., & Wolber, G. (2015). Ecdysteroids: A novel class of anabolic agents? Biology of Sport, 32(2), 169-173.